Low vaccination coverage of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in Shanghai,China: A database analysis based on birth cohorts from 2012 to 2020

BackgroundPneumococcal vaccines have been developed to protect infants and young children from pneumococcal diseases. Vaccination coverage studies are important in determining a population’s vaccination status and strategically adjusting national immunization programs (NIP). In this paper, we aim to describe the coverage of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) immunization for birth cohorts from 2012 to 2020 and discussed the factors influencing the coverage.MethodsVaccination data were collected via the vaccination information database in Shanghai, China, for children born from 2012 to 2020. The population data used in this study were collected from each community from 2012 to 2020. The coverage of initial immunization (1^st dose), basic immunization (three doses) and full immunization (3 + 1 doses) for PCVs was calculated according to the number of doses received. As vaccination coverage was assessed each year, Annual Growth Rate (AGR) was used to describe the variation trend of vaccination coverage. Immunization time and completeness of different PCVs were also analyzed.ResultsThe total number of births from 2012 to 2020 was 38,268 in Huangpu District, Shanghai, China. The initial immunization coverage of PCVs increased from 12.26% in 2012 to 49.65% in 2020, and the highest coverage was 50.61% in 2019. The cumulative vaccination coverage of PCVs was 19.4% for initial immunization and 16.8% for basic immunization from 2012 to 2020. And cumulative full immunization coverage of PCVs was 12.3% from 2012 to 2019. The PCVs coverage of most vaccination statuses showed an obvious upward trend from 2017 to 2020.ConclusionsDespite an upward trend in vaccination coverage of PCVs, the vaccination coverage of initial, basic and full immunization among children is still low. And given the heavy burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) among children in China and the fact that the current vaccination coverage cannot effectively protect children, it is recommended that the government include PCVs into the NIP as soon as possible.     

中药清法对糖尿病足患者微循环障碍的疗效分析

目的探讨中药清法治疗糖尿病足患者微量白蛋白尿对微循环障碍疗效。方法 200例糖尿病足患者随机分为中西医治疗组和西医对照组,各100例。两组均采用相同的基础治疗。中西医治疗组予中药清法,药物组成: 穿心莲、蚤休、垂盆草、川乌、三七、冰片,100ml/袋,每次1袋,2次/d;西医对照组予西洛他唑100mg,1次/d,口服,且均行血生化、微量白蛋白尿及血液流变学的检测,比较治疗前后二组的变化。结果 用药前,两组患者的年龄、体质量、身高、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、TG、BUN、Cr、UA、FPG、2hPG、MA、全血黏度低切、全血黏度中切、全血黏度高切、血浆黏度、血细胞比容、红细胞聚集指数和纤维蛋白原差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的TC、TG、UA、FPG、MA、全血黏度低切、全血黏度中切、全血黏度高切、血浆黏度、血细胞比容、红细胞聚集指数和纤维蛋白原差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),HDL-C、LDL-C、BUN、Cr、2hPG差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。此外,依据“脱疽”诊治疗效标准和糖尿病足坏疽疗效判定标准比较中西医治疗组与西医对照组的治疗结果,疗效差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。结论 中药清法通过治疗糖尿病足患者微量白蛋白尿和血液流变学,进而改善患者微循环障碍,促进伤口愈合,是值得推广的一种方法。     

两种监测方法成蚊季节与昼夜分布的差异性研究

目的探索分析同一区域两种监测方法成蚊季节分布与昼夜节律的差异性。方法选取上海城区中心地带的人民广场和人民公园区域,2012年4-11月份期间采用人诱停落法(人诱法)和CO2捕蚊机法(气诱法)相结合的方法,开展连续近200 d的成蚊监测。结果季节分布方面,人诱法与气诱法成蚊日变化趋势显著相关(r=0.255,P=0.000),但旬变化趋势未见显著相关性(r=0.318,P=0.185);昼夜节律方面,不同监测方法不同监测时段密度均差异明显,人诱法两个时段成蚊密度[2.24和1.19只/(h·人)]均显著高于CO2第3时段[0.53只/(h·机器)](P<0.01),人诱法第1时段与气诱法第2时段成蚊变化趋势显著相关(r=0.857,P=0.000);人诱法第2时段与气诱法第1时段、第3时段均显著相关(r=0.699,P=0.001;r=0.737,P=0.000)。结论人诱法与气诱法在成蚊监测中具有时段的不完全对称性和密度的不均衡性,人诱法是白纹伊蚊成蚊监测中最敏感的方法,气诱法在特定时段与人诱法具有统计学相关性,通过回归拟合为人诱法提供了一种可行的替代监测方式。     

成人超重和肥胖的危害及影响因素分析

[目的]分析研究成人超重和肥胖的危害及影响因素。[方法]按多阶段整群随机抽样方法抽取上海市黄浦区3个街道6个社区共计1360名成人,采用问卷和医学体检相结合的方法,分析该人群超重和肥胖的发生情况及其危害。并采用多因素logistic回归分析超重和肥胖的相关危险因素。[结果]超重和肥胖发生率分别为30.7%和10.9%,中心性肥胖率为40.6%,体质指数为(24.1±3.6)kg/m~2。超重和肥胖者中有46.3%患高血压,10.7%患糖尿病,31.0%血脂异常。肥胖和超重者患高血压的危险性是体重正常者的2.7倍,患血脂异常的危险性是体重正常人群的2.8倍。多因素分析显示文化程度、年龄和职业进入回归模型,与超重和肥胖独立相关。[结论]本区超重和肥胖率远远超过全国水平,并导致其他营养相关疾病患病危险性增加,建议加以关注。超重和肥胖的保护因素主要为高等文化程度和从事中等体力以下职业,≥45岁年龄是超重和肥胖的危险因素。     

黑箱法和CO2诱捕法在成蚊监测中的比较研究

目的比较黑箱法和CO2诱捕法在成蚊监测中的效果。方法2008年5～11月,在上海市黄浦区2010年上海世博会园区内,采用黑箱法和CO2诱捕法每旬监测一次成蚊密度。结果黑箱法捕获成蚊以淡色库蚊居多,占80．5％;CO2诱捕法捕获成蚊以白纹伊蚊比例最高,占55．9％;CO2诱捕法捕获雌蚊比例高于黑箱法;黑箱法和CO2诱捕法捕获的白纹伊蚊和淡色库蚊密度变化都具有统计学相关性。结论黑箱法适合用于淡色库蚊的监测;而CO2诱捕法适用于白纹伊蚊的监测。     

上海市黄浦区社区居民健康大讲坛活动效果评价

目的评价以健康俱乐部为载体开展健康大讲坛活动对提高社区居民健康意识、相关预防和控制慢性病知识、改善不良行为方式所起的作用。方法采用现场调查、专题小组讨论和问卷调查的方法调查6家社区健康俱乐部的健康大讲坛的活动效果。结果共调查219名参与健康大进坛活动的社区居民,他们对健康大讲坛效果满意率为100%,参加健康大讲坛后,糖尿病相关知识得分均分为84.95分,合格率为84.48%,高血压相关知识得分均分为78.50分,合格率为93.20%,活动后社区居民慢性病知识知晓率均有所提高,与干预前比较具有统计学差异（P〈0.01）。结论健康俱乐部的健康大讲坛活动有助于人们较系统地获得相关健康知识和保健技能,并在管理者的指导下,逐步形成了健康生活方式。     

上海市中心城区蝇类孳生情况调查

目的掌握蝇类孳生特点，为指导社区苍蝇控制工作提供依据。方法现场调查。结果苍蝇孳生阳性率为5．46％。结论建立一套管理制度，完善苍蝇防治工作。     

上海市2012-2014年居民膳食营养状况及季节特征研究

目的 了解上海市居民膳食营养状况及季节特征。方法 分别在2012－2014年间4个不同季节对上海市代表性样本人群进行追踪调查,采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾询问法辅以家庭调味品称重法收集食物摄入信息。依据中国食物成分表计算能量及产能营养素摄入。结果 2012－2014年上海市居民全年平均每标准人日粮谷类摄入量191.09 g、蔬菜250.69 g、水果107.23 g、动物性食物223.53 g、乳及乳制品96.39 g、大豆及其制品11.19 g、烹调油36.54 g、烹调盐7.57 g,不同季节食物消费差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。平均每标准人日能量摄入量2 048.70 kcal、碳水化合物241.04 g、蛋白质82.35 g、脂肪85.99 g,脂肪提供能量百分比37.99%。季节、年龄、地区和收入是膳食结构的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论 上海市居民能量摄入满足需求,脂肪能量摄入比例较高,膳食结构欠合理。烹调油、盐摄入量低于国家大城市平均水平但仍高于推荐量,应继续开展针对性营养干预。膳食摄入存在季节特征,夏季膳食摄入更合理,相关研究需考虑季节因素影响。     

Effect of cadmium-polluted water on plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and oxidative status biomarkers in rats: Protective effect of curcumin

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of CdCl₂-polluted drinking water (40 mg CdCl₂/L) on the level of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as oxidative status biomarkers in plasma of rats. The possible protective effect of oral administration of curcumin (50 mg/kg body weight/day) was assessed. Results illustrated that Cd exposure significantly elevated the plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6 (p < 0.001) as compared to normal rats. Also, Cd administration resulted in a significant elevation in the lipid peroxidation and markedly reduction in the activities of SOD and catalase as well as the level of glutathione and total antioxidant capacity in plasma. The co-treatment of Cd with curcumin significantly reduced the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 and ameliorated the alteration in oxidative status biomarkers induced by Cd. Negative correlation between IL-6 or TNF-α was and the plasma activities of catalase, SOD and the level of total antioxidant capacity were found in rats exposed to Cd. Conclusion: Cadmium toxicity induced the release of TNF-α and IL-6 which is associated with systemic oxidative stress. This may be involved in the mechanism of the Cd toxicity. On the other hand, the findings suggest the curative action of curcumin against Cd toxicity.     

世博园区基建期间蚊虫种群动态特点和防控策略研究

目的比较和分析世博工程建设对蚊虫种群动态变化的影响。方法 2007年和2008年的3-11月间开展每旬一次的CO2诱捕法成蚊监测。结果 2007年和2008年蚊虫的密度高峰均为7月和10月;2008年监测到的淡色库蚊数量较2007年下降了54.5%,构成降至43.5%;白纹伊蚊的数量上升了47.3%,构成比上升至54.5%;三带喙库蚊2008年比2007年上升了400%;2008年蚊虫消长最高峰值明显低于2007年,仅为2007年峰值的2/3。结论工程建设的开展和环境的改变未影响该区域蚊虫的种群构成,但3种蚊虫的数量构成发生了明显的变化;对蚊虫密度的高峰期没有影响,蚊虫的平均密度和消长变化的最高峰值受到了影响。